Centrifugal Pump Material Chemical Resistance — Max Temperature Limits

Direct answer: This table gives the maximum safe operating temperature, in °F, for 280 chemicals against 15 centrifugal-pump wetted-end materials — CPVC, glass-filled polypropylene, PVDF, Ryton PPS, ETFE, PTFE, 316 stainless steel, Hastelloy C-276, titanium, carbon, ceramic, silicon carbide, EPDM, FKM (Viton), and FEP. "NR" = not recommended at any temperature; "ND" = no data published. Numbers are the manufacturer's published ceiling, not a guarantee — always confirm against your specific pump model's own temperature limits, which may be lower. For a free spec review, call James Riggins at (559) 395-5500 or email [email protected].

Raw data: JSON / CSV. Source: manufacturer centrifugal pump chemical resistance chart. Where published, flashpoint/flammability data is included via the "flammable" and "specific_gravity" fields in the raw dataset (a chemical is flammable if its flashpoint is 140°F or below — only materials suitable for flammables should be used with those chemicals).

ChemicalSp. Gr.CPVCGlass-Filled PPPVDFRyton PPSETFEPTFE316 SSHastelloy C-276TitaniumCarbonCeramicSilicon CarbideEPDMFKM (Viton)FEP
Acetamide1.16ND1507520025050014070ND480500500140140300
Acetic Acid, 10%1.012122122252442505003902572447050050070NR300
Acetic Acid, 20%1.031762122002442505003002572447050050070NR300
Acetic Acid, 50%1.0610021220024425050039025724424450050070NR300
Acetic Acid, 80%1.07NR16017524424445055025724424450050070NR300
Acetic Acid, Glacial 🔥1.05NRNR122244244500212257244244500500200NR300
Acetone 🔥0.79NRNRNR200200500212248302212500500200NR300
Acetonitrile (Methylcyanide) 🔥0.79NRNR12520020050010070ND40050050070NR300
Acetylene 🔥0.91NRNR250200250450140100ND500500500250200300
Acrylic Acid (Propenoic Acid) 🔥1.05NRNR10070150500190230190480500500NRNR300
Alcohol, Butyl 🔥0.81NRNR275200300500480200200480500500250250300
Alcohol, Butyl, Secondary 🔥0.81NRNR2752003005004802002004805005007070300
Alcohol, Ethyl 🔥0.79NRNR2803003005002002122005005005007070300
Alcohol, Isopropyl 🔥0.79NRNR158200125500140212212500500500176212300
Alcohol, Methyl 🔥0.791NRNR257150300500212212200500500500176NR300
Alcohol, Propyl (Isopropyl Alcohol) 🔥0.79NRNR20720030050070200200500500500200212300
Alcohols 🔥0.79NRNR2752002004801722122004805005007070300
Aluminum Acetate—70100285NDND48016025070480500500176NR70
Aluminum Chloride, 1%1.0118025028920030050070352212480500500212212300
Aluminum Chloride, 5%1.04180250289200300500NR352212480500500212212300
Aluminum Chloride, 20%1.2180250289200300500NR352212480500500212212300
Aluminum Chloride, 40%1.34120250289200300500NR352ND480500500212212300
Aluminum Chloride, 100%—120250289200300500NR340212480500500212212300
Aluminum Potassium Sulfate (Alum)—22522528570300500480175392500500500212212300
Aluminum Sulfate NOTE: Pits SS on drying1.69180250280200300500214214214480500500140140300
Aluminum Sulfate NOTE: Pits SS on drying1.33180250280200300500214214214480500500140140300
Fo Amines—NR120NR7030048021220020048050050070NR200
Ammonia (Anhydrous) 🔥0.68NRNR275200300500600140212500500500140NR300
Ammonia Water, 10%0.9185200275ND300500NDNDND250500500140NR300
Ammonium Bisulfide (Ammonium Sulfide) 🔥—NRNR280NDND40048070ND48050050070NR70
Ammonium Bromide, 5%—NDNDNDNDNDND7070ND500500500NDND70
Ammonium Bromide—NDNDNDNDNDND480NDND500500500NDND70
Ammonium Carbonate—180250280200300500212185212500500500212212300
Ammonium Chloride—140225280100300500212212968500500500212212300
Ammonium Dichromate—ND125250ND275500NDNDNDND50050070ND300
Ammonium Fluoride, 10%1.01225225280NR300500701757048050050014014070
Ammonium Fluoride, 25%1.01225225280NR300500NR175ND48050050014014070
Ammonium Hydroxide, 10%0.9212225280200300500702002129750050016070300
Ammonium Nitrate—180180280200230500410410200500500500200176280
Ammonium Persulfate—225180260ND2755007014014048050050070140300
Ammonium Phosphate (mono basic)—2122252802002004507070140140500500140140280
Ammonium Sulfate—180180280200300500480200480480500500200176300
Ammonium Sulfide 🔥—NRNR280ND30050048070ND48050050070NR300
Amyl Acetate 🔥0.88NRNR100200250500480400200500500500200212300
Amyl Alcohol 🔥0.81NRNR280200250500480200200500500500200212300
Amyl Chloride, 84-100% 🔥—NRNR28070300500150187NR400500500NR200300
Benzaldehyde1.04NRNR150140212500200200200480500500200NR350
Benzene 🔥0.87NRNR12010025050020017670500500500NR158300
Benzyl Alcohol (Benzal Chloride)1.05NR250280200300500150ND140200500500NR70387
Benzyl Chloride1.1NRNR280200300500100NRND100500500NDND387
Bleach, 5.5%1.08212NR280NR300500ND200180NR500500104130300
Bleach, 12.5%1.17212NR280NR300500ND200180NR50050070130300
Brine, Basic NaCr1.321220028520030050020024521270500500212248310
Bromine, Liquid—NRNR150NR135450NR160NRNR500500NR212450
Butanol 🔥0.81NRNR275200300500200200200480500500250250300
Butyl Acetate 🔥0.88NRNR100200260500302302200480500500NRNR300
Butyl Alcohol 🔥0.78NRNR275200300500200200200480500500250250300
Calcium Bisulfide—21221227570300ND48070140500500500NR176300
Calcium Bisulfite—225180280200300500NDNDNDND500500NR200300
Calcium Carbonate—185248285ND300500480300300480500500140248300
Calcium Chloride—212212285200300500200212300480500500212212300
Calcium Hydroxide—21217628070300500200140300500500500212212300
Carbon Disulfide 🔥1.26NRNR120200300500212200200500500500NR200300
Carbon Tetrachloride1.59NRNR17070300500480185200500500500NRNR200
Caustic Potash (See Potassium Hydroxide) KOH1.45ND180NR20030050070185NR350500500212NR300
Fo Caustic Soda (See Sodium Hydroxide) NaOH, 50%1.53150180ND7025048012570NR275500500200NR300
Chlorine Dioxide, 15%—100NR280ND250500NR110200NR500500NR70300
Chlorine Dioxide 🔥—NRNR280ND250500NR70180NR500500NR70300
Chlorine, Liquid1.47NRNR200NR250300NR600212NR500500NR70300
Chlorobenzene 🔥1.11NRNR175200300500480266212500500500NR200300
Chromic Acid, 10%1.08180NR28070212500180212482NR500500NR70300
Chromic Acid, 20%1.16180NR21270200500212212482NR500500NR70300
Chromic Acid, 40%1.37180NR21270200500212212482NR500500NR70300
Chromic Acid, 50%1.51180NR18570232500212200482NR500500NR70300
Citric Acid—21218027522030050030237470212500500212350300
Copper Sulfate—1801802852233005001602127070500500176140300
Cyclohexane 🔥0.78NRNR212200300500480200300500500500NR200300
Diethylamine 🔥0.71NRNR70ND23050014085NR500500500160NR300
Dimethyl Sulfoxide1.1NRNRNR200212500NDNDNDND500500NDNRND
Dimethylamine 🔥0.68NRNR70ND230500NDNDNDND500500NRNR300
Disodium Phosphate—180180280ND1405007070ND705005007070300
Epichlorohydrin 🔥1.18NRNRNR70300500480212ND500500500NDNR300
Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol) 🔥0.79NRNR28030030050020021220050050050020070400
Ethyl Acetate 🔥0.9NRNR122100170500302414212500500500130NR300
Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol) 🔥0.79NRNR28030030050020021220050050050020070400
Ethylene Glycol1.11180180260200300500392386NR480500500212250300
Ferric Chloride—180180275200300500NR175200340500500225212300
Ferric Hydroxide—212140250ND300400140185200100500500200200200
Ferric Sulfate1.55180180275200300500140200200500500500200212300
Ferric Sulfide—NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND500500NDNDND
Formaldehyde, 37% 🔥1.08NRNR25070230500265212212500500500212212300
Formaldehyde, 50% 🔥—NRNR10470200500600300200500500500120176300
Formic Acid1.22707021470275500212200140340500500200NR300
Fuel Oil—180NR285200300500480200200480500500NR200300
Furfural 🔥1.16NRNR140200212500480200200480500500160NR300
Gasoline, Unleaded 🔥0.74NRNR285200300500200325200480500500NR250300
Heptane 🔥0.68NRNR285200300500480200200500500500NR200300
Hexane 🔥0.66NRNR285200300500480257200500500500NR200300
Hexyl Alcohol 🔥0.82NRNR18070ND300140140140480500500200248200
Hydrochloric Acid, 2%1.01225225285NR300500NR140175480500500140230400
Hydrochloric Acid, 10%1.05225225285NR300500NR140160480500500140230400
Hydrochloric Acid, 15%1.08225225285NR300500NR140NR480500500140230400
Hydrochloric Acid, 20%1.1212180285NR300500NR140NR480500500140230400
Hydrochloric Acid, 25%1.13212175285NR300500NR140NR140500500140160400
Hydrochloric Acid, 37%1.18NR176194NR300500NR140NR140500500130160400
Hydrofluoric Acid, 30%1.18140NR275140300500NR250NRNR500500NR212300
Hydrofluoric Acid, 40%1.16100NR250140300500NR125NRNR500500NR176300
Fo Hydrofluoric Acid, 48%1.18100NR250140300500NR130NRNR500500NR176300
Hydrofluoric Acid, 50%1.2100NR250140300500NR130NRNR500500NR140300
Hydrofluoric Acid, 70%1.26NRNR23070250500NR130NRNR500500NRND300
Hydrofluosilicic Acid, 20%1.17212180280200300500145185NR140500500140140300
Hydrofluosilicic Acid, 50%—21218028020030050070300NRND50050012070300
Hydrogen Peroxide, 5%1.0225176212100250500212237237NR500500NR176300
Hydrogen Peroxide, 30%1.19225NR212100250500125200140NR500500NR104300
Hydrogen Peroxide, 50%1.19185NR250NR15050010420070NR500500NR104300
Hydrogen Peroxide, 90%1.4NRNR200NR1505007013070NR500500NR104300
Hydrogen Sulfide, Aqueous (wet gas) 🔥1.54212NR25030025050021517040080500500140NR300
Isobutyl Alcohol 🔥0.870NR2752002754804801401407050050016075200
Isooctane 🔥0.69140NR2752001253007070ND120500500NR70300
Isopropanol (Isopropyl alcohol) 🔥0.79225180158200125500140212212500500500176212300
Kerosene 🔥0.8190NR27520030050070200200500500500NR158300
Lye Solutions (See Sodium & Potassium Hydroxide)—180180275200300500200125200500500500176176300
Methane/LPG - confirm NPSHa is sufficent0.55212NR285ND300400700212ND500500500NR176300
Methyl Alcohol (Methanol) 🔥0.7918070285150300500235212200500500500176NR584
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 🔥0.83NRNRNR70300500200200200500500500200NR300
Methylamine 🔥1.07NRNRNRND20040014070ND40050050070NRND
Monoethanolamine1.02NR70NR200200500212200200500500500200NR300
Naphtha NA 🔥0.76180NR285200300500320200200500500500NR158300
Nickel Acetate—180180250ND25048070NDND7050050070NR70
Nickel Chloride—22522527520030050070200200500500500212212300
Nickel Nitrate—180180280100300500414707070500500212248300
Nickel Sulfate (Nickel Salt)—180180285200300500200212200500500500212217300
Nitric Acid, 10%1.05225NR280140212500181185250NR500500104120300
Nitric Acid, 25-35%1.21140NR160100212500181140250NR500500104120300
Nitric Acid, 40%1.25140NR150NR221500181140250NR500500NR120300
Nitric Acid, 70%1.4170NR140NR200500120NR70NR500500NR70300
Nitric Acid, 90%1.48NRNR140NR122500120NR140NR500500NRNR300
Nitric Acid, White Fuming1.5NRNR70NR122500NDNDNDND500500NRNR300
Octane 🔥0.7NDNR285ND3005007070NDND500500NR70300
Octanol0.83100250285NDND5004801401405005005001607070
Oxalic Acid1.65180140125212300500140140NR320500500250140300
Peracetic Acid, 40% 🔥1.23NRNR70NDND500NDNDNDND500500NDND300
Fo Perchloric Acid, 10%1.06225180250100230500NRND10070500500140140300
Perchloric Acid, 70%1.68185NR212100200500NR212NR70500500140140300
Phenol1.07185NR150100NR500414358414500500500NR140359
Phosphoric Acid, 10%1.05212225316248300500316150140500500500212212300
Phosphoric Acid, 25%—212225316248300500316150140500500500212212300
Phosphoric Acid, 50%1.34212225316248275500221150NR500500500176212300
Phosphoric Acid, 70%1.53212225316248275500221200NR500500500176212300
Phosphoric Acid, 85%1.69212212316248275500150150NR500500500176212300
Plating Solutions, Brass—180180248ND275500140100100100NR50070140300
Plating Solutions, Cadmium (Cyanide)—1801802487027550014090907050050070140300
Plating Solutions, Chrome (Chromic Sulfuric)—1807026070275500NRNR130NR50050070140300
Plating Solutions, Copper (Sulfate)—22522521270275500NRNRND70500500200140300
Plating Solutions, Gold (Cyanide)—2251802507027550015015015014050050070150300
Plating Solutions, Iron (Sulfate)—180175200NDND500NR150150140500500ND140300
Plating Solutions, Lead (Alkali)—180180250702505007070NR14050050070140300
Plating Solutions, Nickel (Chloride)—180225250702505007016016048050050070140300
Plating Solutions, Rhodium—21218025070250500NDNDNDND50050012070300
Plating Solutions, Silver—18018025070250500140120120140500500120140300
Plating Solutions, Speculum—NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND500500NDNDND
Plating Solutions, Tin (Acid & Fluoborate)—1801802127025050070125NR480500500140176300
Plating Solutions, Zinc (Acid Chloride)—18018025070250500NRNR14048050050070140300
Potassium Aluminum Sulfate (Alum)—22522528570300500480175392500500500212212300
Potassium Bicarbonate—1807027520030050048013070500500500176212300
Potassium Bisulfate—180250285NDND50070NDNDND50050017621270
Potassium Bromide KBr—18018028520030050018570200480NR500200212300
Potassium Chlorate—180212212200300500673480200200500500200200300
Potassium Chloride KCl—180180285200300500140347212200500500212212300
Potassium Cyanate KCNO—ND70ND70ND70NDNDNDND500500NDNDND
Potassium Cyanide KCN—180180285200300500140140200500NR50020070300
Potassium Hydroxide, 25%0.25180180140268212500212200175500500500212NR300
Potassium Hydroxide, 35%0.35180180NR26821250015020070500500500200NR300
Fo Potassium Hydroxide, 50%0.5180180NR26821250015020070500500500200NR300
Potassium Permanganate—1807025020030050013070200480500500200140300
Potassium Permanganate, 10%0.1180180280200300500212212200500500500200140300
Potassium Permanganate, 25%0.2518018028020030050070212200500500500200140300
Potassium Sulfite (Sulfurous Acid)—7014021270ND30070375185705005007070300
Propanol (Propyl Alcohol) 🔥0.79NRNR150200300500356200200500500500200212300
Propionic Acid 🔥0.99NRNR280ND212500340286NR500500500200NR122
Propyl Alcohol (propanol) 🔥0.79NRNR150200300500356200200500500500200212300
Salicylic Acid1.44200180230ND30050021225824850050050020070300
Sea Water1.03212225285200300500250300213340500500200212300
Silver Nitrate, 0-60%—1801802852003005001257070500500500176200300
Silver Nitrate, 100%—180180285100300500125200200500500500176200300
Silver Sulfate—180140250NDNDNDNDNDNDND50050017621270
Sodium Benzoate—180NR285ND300500ND100703405005007070300
Sodium Bicarbonate—180180285300300500150150200500500500212212300
Sodium Bichromate—1801802757030050015010070500500500176212300
Sodium Bisulfate—180180285200300500480140136500500500200212300
Sodium Bisulfite—180180285200300500100212140500500500212212300
Sodium Borate—176212275300300500150200200500500500140176300
Sodium Bromate—185175280ND300500NDNDNDND500500NDND200
Sodium Bromide NaBr—1801802857030050048070705005005007070300
Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash)—180180285300300500212212140500500500212212300
Sodium Chlorate, 25%0.251801802852103005007021270130500500200200300
Sodium Chlorate, 50-60%—180180285210300500NR212NDND500500200200300
Sodium Chlorate, 60-70%—180180285210300500212212NDND500500200200300
Sodium Chlorate, 70-80%—180180285210300500212212NDND500500200200300
Sodium Chlorate, 80-100%—180180285210300500140140220140500500200200300
Sodium Chloride NaCl—180180285200300500212176140500500500176212300
Sodium Chlorite—ND200250200300500NDNDNDND50050070140300
Sodium Chromate—19017528020030050070212ND340500500ND14070
Sodium Cyanide NaCN—18018027570300500140200200500500500176176300
Sodium Dichromate—70NR120ND100300NDNDNDND5005007070300
Sodium Dithionite, 12%0.12ND175248ND300480230230ND1005005007070140
Sodium Dithionite Solution (sodium hydrosulfite )—70175248ND30048048070ND1005005007070140
Sodium Ferricyanide—180180275ND3005007070ND340500500140140300
Sodium Ferrocyanide—180180275ND3005007070ND100500500140140300
Sodium Fluoride, 5%—180180285NDNDND707070100500500140140300
Sodium Fluoride NaF—180180285ND300500NR200ND340500500140140300
Sodium Fluorosilicate—ND70200NDNDND80NDNDND500500NDNDND
Fo Sodium Formate (Formic Acid)—7070214ND275500212200140340500500NR70300
Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate (sodium phosphate dibasic )—180180280ND14050048021270500500500140140300
Sodium Hydroxide, 10%0.1180180NR1402505002482252534275500500176NR300
Sodium Hydroxide, 15%0.15180180NR1402505002482252534275500500176NR300
Sodium Hydroxide, 25%0.25180180NR1402505002122002534275500500176NR300
Sodium Hydroxide, 30%0.3180180NR140250500212200200275500500212NR300
Sodium Hydroxide, 50%0.5180180NR140250500212200200275500500212NR300
Sodium Hypochlorite, 5%0.05212NR275NR300500160140NDNR50050070130300
Sodium Hypochlorite, 12.5%1.21212NR275NR300500NR140180NR50050070130300
Sodium Iodide NaI—212175280ND300500NDNDNDND500500NDND300
Sodium Metaphosphate (sodium hexametaphosphate)1.2180175280ND30048070NDND500500500212140300
Sodium Nitrate—1801802802003005001701407050050050020021270
Sodium Nitrite—180180280ND3005001507070500500500176212300
Sodium Perchlorate, 10%0.1190180250ND300350ND212ND200500500NDNDND
Sodium Permanganate0.221221228570300500480212ND3505005001401214300
Sodium Phosphate, Acid, Monobasic—185180280ND30050048021270500500500140140300
Sodium Phosphate, Alkaline, Tribasic—185180280ND30048048021270500500500140140300
Sodium Phosphate, Neutral, Dibasic MSDS—180180280ND30050048021270500500500140140300
Sodium Silicate0.3518018028520030050021221270500500500200212300
Sodium Sulfate—1801802852003005001600200200500500500200212300
Sodium Sulfide—180180280200300500480176212200500500212212300
Sodium Sulfite—21222528070300ND48023515070500500176176300
Stannic Chloride—180180285200300500NR24030234050050014014070
Stannous Chloride—180180248703005001502127070500500NR70400
Stearic Acid0.87180150285ND300500482662360500500500140140300
Stoddards Solvent 🔥0.79NRNR27520030050070200200500500500NR158300
Styrene 🔥0.91NRNR20070212500480NRND500500500ND70300
Sulfamic Acid—NR250200ND212500100NDNRND500500NR70300
Sulfur Dichloride—NDNR75NDND450NDNDNDND500500NR70300
Sulfur Dioxide, Wet, 10-80%—212140257200300500212212NDND500500140140300
Sulfur Dioxide, Wet, 100%—2121402572003005005757007070500500140140300
Sulfuric Acid, 10%1.07212212287250300500NR16570640500500176212400
Sulfuric Acid, 20%1.14212180287250300500NR165NR640500500140212400
Sulfuric Acid, 3%1.03250212287250300500NR165140340500500140212400
Fo Sulfuric Acid, 30%1.22212180287250300500NR60NR640500500176212400
Sulfuric Acid, 33%1.24212176287250300500NR60NR640500500176212400
Sulfuric Acid, 50%1.4212176287250300500NR165NR640500500176212400
Sulfuric Acid, 60%1.5212176287250300500NR165NR640500500176176400
Sulfuric Acid, 70%1.61185NR257220300500NR90NR640500500176176400
Sulfuric Acid, 80%1.73185NR257220300500NR180NR340500500140158400
Sulfuric Acid, 85%1.78160NR212220300500NR180NR340500500104158400
Sulfuric Acid, 90%1.81150NR212220300500NR210NR30050050070158400
Sulfuric Acid, 93%1.83150NR200220300500NR210NR16050050070158400
Sulfuric Acid, 95%1.83170NR180220300500NR210NR160500500NR158400
Sulfuric Acid, 96%1.84130NR175220300500NR210NR220500500NR158400
Sulfuric Acid, 98%1.84104NR140220300500NR210NR220500500NR158400
Sulfuric Acid, 100%1.83NRNRNR220300500125350NRNR500500NR158400
Sulfuric Acid, Fuming1.94NRNRNR350300500NDNDNDND500500NR140400
Tannic Acid, 10%—180180260200275500212150200500500500140140300
Tannic Acid, 100%—180180260200275500212150200500500500140140300
Tetrahydrofuran 🔥0.89NRNRNR140212500200200200500500500NRNR300
Toluene, Toluol 🔥0.87NRNR170100250500480212200500500500NR100300
Trichloroethylene1.46NRNR285100275500480212200500500500NRND300
Triethylamine 🔥0.73NRNR100ND250500480NDND500500500NDND193
Trimethylamine 🔥—NDNR150NDND300NDNDNDND500500NDNR193
Turpentine 🔥0.86NRNR285200275500480200200500500500NR158300
Urea—180180280200275500200200200500500500200200300
Water, Deionized—210210280200300500480600570500500500200200300
Water, Demineralized—19518028020021250048070570500500500140140300
Water, Distilled—225180280200300500600600572480500500140140300
Water, Fresh—225180302250300500600300500500500500275275300
Water, Salt—212180285200300500600300212340500500200200300
Water, Sea—212225285200300500600550212500500500200212300
White Liquor1.15180180280ND200500480130ND500500500176140300
Xylene 🔥0.87NRNR175200250500480350200340500500NR140300
Xylol 🔥0.87NRNR175200250500480350200340500500NR70300
Zinc Chloride—180180285200300500480293200340500500176212300
Zinc Sulfate—180180285200300500480932200340500500212200300

🔥 = flashpoint at or below 140°F (flammable — only flammable-rated pump materials should be used).

Equipment LibertyCES Supplies

LibertyCES specifies and supplies centrifugal pumps built from these exact wetted-end materials.

Reviewed by James Riggins, Founder, LibertyCES. Request a free spec review →

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Frequently Asked Questions

What material is best for a centrifugal pump handling aggressive chemicals?

It depends entirely on the specific chemical, concentration, and temperature — see the table below for the maximum safe operating temperature per material. PTFE, ceramic, and silicon carbide generally show the widest chemical resistance; metals like titanium and Hastelloy C-276 are reserved for specific aggressive services.

What does "NR" mean in this table?

"NR" means the material is not recommended at any temperature for that chemical. "ND" means no data was published for that combination — treat as unknown, not safe.

Source: Liberty Chemical Equipment & Supply, Inc. (LibertyCES) — engineering data compiled and reviewed by James Riggins, Founder, LibertyCES, from real vendor and field-verified sources. For a free spec review, call James at (559) 395-5500 or email [email protected] / [email protected]. Website: libertyces.com.